Bearing Interference, Slip, and Transition Fits Explained

What is meant by an interference, slip, or transition fits for bearings?

Bearings need to be able to operate in any environment and are precisely designed to fit on shafts and into housings to function efficiently.

Establishing accurate shaft and housing fits is essential to achieving the best possible bearing performance. Many issues occur in applications where fits are too loose or tight. Improper fits can cause excessive wear, poor bearing rotation, excessive vibration, noise, unwanted pre-load, overheating, and reduced radial play.

Once the design of the bearing has been established it must be fitted properly during mounting.

Difference between interference, slip and transition fits

A slip fit is something that can be as easy to understand as pulling on a pair of socks. There is slight resistance when slipping the bearing bore over the shaft or the outer race into the housing. 

An interference fit would be something like trying to pull a soaking wet sock on.  

There is resistance between your foot and the sock. When tolerance differences are tight between the outer race and the housing or the inner race and the shaft, force is required to push the parts together. 

A transition fit is somewhere between the slip and interference fit, as if the sock is drying out. 

 In general, bearings can be mounted by using a press or interference fit. 

As a rule, the rotating ring of the bearing requires an interference fit using the housing or the shaft. The fixed ring is usually a loose fit with the mating part. 

Bearings are manufactured with a certain amount of radial and axial play, also known as clearance. This free space in the bearing is where the ball in the raceways can move up, down, or sideways.

How do you get rid of this free space?

The fits reduce this play or leave it as designed depending upon the operating conditions and the objective of the design engineer, whatever meets the best operation for the application. In addition to the fitting of the bearings into the housing or onto the shaft, a preload can be applied to the axis of the bearing to limit the side movement or axial play. 

All manufacturers make recommendations for shaft and housing fits dependent upon the type of bearing specified. Pressing a bearing into its location may require special tooling and must be done to avoid damage to the bearing balls, races, and cage.

View this SKF’s instructional video on installing bearings, as it demonstrates numerous ways to mount bearings.

Steps involved in the bearing selection process

Before you arrive at picking the fits in a bearing you must follow these steps to get there. First you must determine the performance requirements and operating conditions. Only after selecting the bearing type, size, and lubrication and understanding operating temperature and speed can help correctly identify the fits needed. 

In this step, bearing seats are especially important in determining performance. Bearing seats support the bearing’s circumference across the entire width of the raceway. 

Bearing manufacturers such as SKF make recommendations and set requirements for designing bearing interfaces. I recommend visiting any one of these fantastic manufacturing sites for fit charts. 

When selecting fits, it is best to follow the recommendations of the manufacturer. While many of the applications are covered, you will still need to adjust to your specific use case. 

Some common considerations for selecting fits: 

• Conditions of rotation 
• Magnitude of load 
• Temperature differences 
• Precision requirements 
• Design and material of the shaft and housing 
• Ease of mounting and dismounting 
• Axial displacement of the bearing in the non-locating position 

Dimensional tolerances for bearing seats are dictated by the required fit.

The application’s requirements will determine the bearing tolerance class needed. In the tables SKF provide information about bearing tolerances, seat tolerances, and resultant fits. You can use these tables to determine fit values. You can also use other manufacturers’ tables to estimate the engineering aspect for determining fits for your specific application. SKF, INA, FAG and others are focused on larger, more industrial bearings whereas NMB and NHBB are focused on smaller, lighter, and narrower width bearings.

Types of Fit

An interference fit, also known as a press fit or friction fit, occurs when the shaft diameter is slightly larger than the bore of the bearing. This type of fit requires force to assemble the parts, often necessitating the use of presses or heating methods to expand the bearing or shrink the shaft for insertion. Once cooled or returned to room temperature, the parts create a tight bond due to the mechanical interference.

A slip fit, also known as a clearance fit, occurs when the shaft diameter is slightly smaller than the bore of the bearing. This type of fit allows the parts to slide together with ease, requiring minimal or no force for assembly. Slip fits are suitable for applications where frequent assembly and disassembly are necessary.

A transition fit falls between an interference fit and a slip fit. It is designed to provide a compromise where the parts can be assembled with moderate force and retain some degree of security without the tightness of an interference fit or the looseness of a slip fit. Transition fits are often used when a precise balance between ease of assembly and secure fit is required.

Care must always be given when fitting up bearings but particular care must be taken with small or miniature bearings, as they can easily be damaged due to their smaller cross sections. 

FAQs

Q:  What is an interference fit in bearings?

A: An interference fit, also known as a press fit or friction fit, occurs when the shaft diameter is slightly larger than the bore of the bearing. This type of fit requires force for assembly, often involving pressing, heating, or cooling methods to achieve a tight, secure bond between the parts.

Q: What are the main advantages of using an interference fit?

A: The main advantages include high load capacity, reduced vibration and noise, and secure positioning of parts, making it ideal for heavy-duty applications where reliability and durability are crucial.

Q:  What is a slip fit in bearings?

A: A slip fit, or clearance fit, occurs when the shaft diameter is slightly smaller than the bore of the bearing. This allows the parts to slide together easily without significant force, making it suitable for applications requiring frequent assembly and disassembly.

Q:  What is a transition fit and how does it differ from interference and slip fits?

A: A transition fit falls between interference and slip fits, providing a moderate fit where parts can be assembled with some force but are not as tight as an interference fit nor as loose as a slip fit. It offers a balance of security and ease of assembly.

Q: In which applications is a transition fit most suitable?

A: Transition fits are suitable for general machinery and medium-load applications where a balanced performance is required. They are often used in situations where neither a tight interference fit nor a loose slip fit is ideal.

Q: What are the standard tolerances for interference, slip, and transition fits?

A: Standard tolerances vary based on the specific application and industry standards. Generally, interference fits have negative tolerances (shaft larger than the bore), slip fits have positive tolerances (shaft smaller than the bore), and transition fits have tolerances that can be either slightly positive or negative. Refer to engineering tables and standards for exact tolerance values.

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